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| Layer (Top to Bottom) | Material | Thickness / Specification | Primary Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Leachate Collection & Removal System (LCRS) | Granular drainage aggregate + perforated HDPE pipes | 300 mm min. gravel (k ≥ 1×10⁻² cm/s) | Collect and transmit leachate to sump |
| 2. Geotextile Filter | Nonwoven needle-punched geotextile | ≥ 400 g/m², O₉₅ 0.1–0.2 mm | Filter fine particles; protect drainage layer |
| 3. Geocomposite Drainage Layer (optional) | Geonet + bonded nonwoven geotextile | Transmissivity ≥ 3×10⁻⁴ m²/s | Supplement drainage capacity on slopes |
| 4. Primary Geomembrane | HDPE geomembrane (textured one side) | 2.0 mm (base), 1.5 mm (slopes) | Primary hydraulic barrier |
| 5. Secondary Geomembrane Detection Layer | Geonet or geocomposite | Transmissivity ≥ 3×10⁻⁵ m²/s | Leak detection between liners |
| 6. Secondary Geomembrane | HDPE geomembrane (smooth) | 1.5 mm | Secondary hydraulic barrier |
| 7. GCL (Geosynthetic Clay Liner) | Needle-punched GCL with sodium bentonite | ≥ 4.8 kg/m² bentonite | Tertiary low-permeability layer; self-healing |
| 8. Compacted Subgrade | Native or imported soil, compacted | ≥ 300 mm, k ≤ 1×10⁻⁵ cm/s | Structural support; final backup barrier |